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How Fast Can You Read a Book

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Techniques claiming to ameliorate the ability to read quickly

Speed reading is any of many techniques claiming to amend ane'south ability to read speedily. Speed-reading methods include chunking and minimizing subvocalization. The many bachelor speed-reading training programs may employ books, videos, software, and seminars. There is little scientific bear witness regarding speed reading, and as a effect its value seems uncertain. Cognitive neuroscientist Stanislas Dehaene says that claims of reading up to ane,000 words per minute "must be viewed with skepticism".[i]

History [edit]

The concept of mod speed reading was idea to take formed in the late 1950s, when Evelyn Wood, a schoolteacher, began to coin the term. It is said that she was curious to empathize why some people were naturally faster at reading, and so tried to force herself to read very quickly. In 1958, while brushing off the pages of a volume she had thrown, she noticed that the sweeping motility of her paw across the page caught the attention of her optics, and helped them move more than smoothly across the folio. She so used the manus every bit a pacer. Wood offset taught the method at the University of Utah, before launching information technology to the public as Evelyn Woods's Reading Dynamics in Washington, D.C. in 1959.[ii]

Methods & Principles [edit]

Skimming and scanning [edit]

Skimming is a process of speed reading that involves visually searching the sentences of a page for clues to the chief idea or when reading an essay, it tin can hateful reading the kickoff and ending for summary information, then optionally the first judgement of each paragraph to quickly decide whether to seek still more than item, as determined by the questions or purpose of the reading.[iii] [iv] [5] [half-dozen] [vii] For some people, this comes naturally, but is usually acquired by practice. Skimming is usually seen more in adults than in children. It is conducted at a higher charge per unit (700 words per minute and above) than normal reading for comprehension (around 200–230 wpm), and results in lower comprehension rates,[eight] especially with information-rich reading cloth.

Scanning is the process where i actively looks for information using a mind-map (organizing information in a visually hierarchical manner that showcases the interrelatedness of the information for better retrievability) formed from skimming.[ citation needed ] These techniques are used by meta-guiding your eyes. Scanning includes the chief point equally well every bit headings and of import information.

Meta guiding [edit]

Meta guiding is the visual guiding of the center using a finger or pointer, such as a pen, in order for the centre to move faster along the length of a passage of text. It involves drawing invisible shapes on a page of text in order to broaden the visual span for speed reading. For example, an audition of customers at a speed reading seminar will exist instructed to employ a finger or pen to brand these shapes on a page and told that this volition speed up their visual cortex, increment their visual span to take in the whole line, and even imprint the information into their subconscious for later retrieval. It has besides been claimed to reduce subvocalization (saying words in your head rather than grasping the idea), thereby speeding upwards reading. Considering this encourages the eye to skim over the text, it can reduce comprehension and memory, and atomic number 82 to missing important details of the text. An emphasis on viewing each discussion, albeit briefly without regression (Regression is an unconscious process where the optics become forward two or 3 "stops" and then go back.) is required for this method to exist effective. Due east.g. South move and Z movement.[ clarification needed ]

Speed reading is a skill honed through practice. Reading a text involves comprehension of the material. In speed reading do this is done through multiple reading processes: preview, overview, read, review and recite; and past read and retrieve (recording through writing a curt summary or a mental outline) exercises.[9] Another important method for better comprehension is the SQ3R process. These processes help an private to retain most of the presented ideas from a reading material. A better focus in comprehension is attained through a better reading process with good understanding of the topic.[ clarification needed ]

Types of reading [edit]

There are three types of reading:

  1. Subvocalization: sounding out each word internally, as reading to yourself. This is the slowest grade of reading.
  2. Auditory reading: hearing out the read words. This is a faster process.
  3. Visual reading: understanding the significant of the discussion, rather than sounding or hearing. This is the fastest process.

Subvocalization readers (Mental readers) more often than not read at approximately 250 words per minute, auditory readers at approximately 450 words per minute and visual readers at approximately 700 words per minute. Proficient readers are able to read 280–350 wpm without compromising comprehension.[10]

Effect on comprehension [edit]

Skimming is mainly used for researching and getting an overall thought of a text, specially when time is limited. Duggan & Payne (2009) compared skimming with reading ordinarily, given only plenty time to read unremarkably through half of a text. They plant that the chief points of the full text were meliorate understood afterward skimming (which could view the full text) than after normal reading (which but read half the text). There was no departure between the groups in their understanding of less of import information from the text.[11] Skimming or skipping over text can also aid in comprehension when layered reading, a procedure of strategic rereading, is employed.[12] Further findings suggest that trained speed readers have a slight reward in both comprehension and speed to untrained skimmers. It is thus suggested by experts that speed-reading is most useful to those who need "to skim a large amount of textile or need to improve their study skills" and less useful to those who read "highly technical material that requires careful study of each sentence"[13]

Software [edit]

Heart exercise for speed reading

Computer programs are bachelor to help instruct speed reading students. Some programs present the data as a serial stream, since the brain handles text more efficiently by breaking it into such a stream before parsing and interpreting it.[ citation needed ] The 2000 National Reading Panel (NRP) study (p. 3-i) seems to support such a mechanism.

To increase speed, some older programs required readers to view the eye of the screen while the lines of text around information technology grew longer. They besides presented several objects (instead of text) that movement line by line or bounciness around the screen. Users had to follow the object(s) with only their eyes. A number of researchers criticize using objects instead of words as an constructive training method, challenge that the only style to read faster is to read bodily text. Many of the newer speed reading programs use congenital-in text, and they primarily guide users through the lines of an on-screen book at divers speeds. Oft, the text is highlighted to indicate where users should focus their eyes. They are not expected to read past pronouncing the words but instead to read by viewing the words as complete images. The exercises are also intended to railroad train readers to eliminate subvocalization.

Controversies in speed reading [edit]

Common controversies in speed reading are between its intent and nature with traditional concepts like comprehension vs speed; reading vs skimming; popular psychology vs evidence-based psychology. Much of the controversy is raised over these points. This is mainly because a reading comprehension level of 50% is deemed unusable past some educationalists.[14] Advocates claim that speed reading is a great success and that it is a sit-in of good comprehension for many purposes.[15] The trade-off between speed and comprehension must be analyzed with respect to the blazon of reading that is being done, the risks associated with misunderstanding due to depression comprehension, and the benefits associated with getting through the material quickly and gaining information at the actual rate is to be obtained. Marking Seidenberg considers claims like reading 25,000 words per minute "cannot be true given basic facts about eyes and texts". He goes on to say that "people are as likely to read thousands of words per infinitesimal as they are to run faster than the speed of calorie-free". Marshall McLuhan was initially a convert to speed reading, however afterward concluded information technology was merely useful for tasks like "scanning junk mail".[sixteen]

A plot of the eye movements of a speed reader

Similarly, in evaluating a claim that a like reading strategy known as PhotoReading could increase reading rates to 25,000 words per minute, McNamara published a preliminary analysis funded by NASA to evaluate whether this strategy could improve reading speed, comprehension, and information gathering efficiency. When identical versions of five reading samples and accompanying reading comprehension tests were administered to a trainee and an expert in this reading strategy, there was no advantage in overall reading fourth dimension or comprehension. This strategy may also cause overestimation of one's noesis, equally demonstrated by the following instance in McNamara'due south preliminary analysis, showing prove of the Dunning-Kruger effect:[17]

The final job given to the PhotoReading expert was to read the iii chapters from the textbook on Physiology in club to accept an exam from a class that used that textbook. The question was simply: Would she pass the exam? The expert took 73 minutes to PhotoRead and read the three chapters of the textbook required for the test (i.eastward., 361 words per minute). She PhotoRead for nine minutes the night before taking the test. The post-obit morning, she read the text using various rapid reading and activation techniques. She and then answered the questions. She completed the six true/imitation and 30 multiple option questions, but did non endeavor to reply the fill up-in-the-bare or short-respond questions. Hence, comprehension functioning on the conceptual questions was 0 percentage. She answered 2 of 7 multiple-choice prior knowledge questions correctly (29%). Of the text relevant questions, she answered 4 of 6 true/false questions correctly (67%), and 8 of 23 multiple-choice question correctly (35%). This performance is extremely low and but slightly above chance level performance for these types of questions (i.e., 50% and 25%, respectively). In sum, she did not pass the test.

Information technology is of import to note that later PhotoReading the text (but before taking the examination), she rated her agreement of the material as 4.5 on a 5-indicate scale (5 representing a skilful understanding). Moreover, she estimated that she would call up approximately 68 percent of the material for the test, with a grade of C+. This high level of confidence in terms of her text comprehension would have remained unshattered had she non then taken the test – after which she rated her comprehension much lower (i.east., 2)

In a 2022 article[eighteen] published in the periodical of 'Psychological Science in the Public Involvement', the authors conclude there is no 'magic bullet' for reading more chop-chop while maintaining comprehension other than to do reading and to become a more skilled language user (e.yard. through increased vocabulary). The authors proceed with debunking common speed reading techniques such as eliminating sub-vox, reading more than than one word at a time a.grand.a. grouping, using RSVP (Rapid Serial Visual Presentation), increasing peripheral vision, alternating colors for each line of text.

U.S. President John F. Kennedy was a proponent of speed reading,[19] encouraging his staff to have lessons, and he suggested in an interview that he had a reading speed of 1,200 words per minute.[20] U.South. President Jimmy Carter, and his wife Rosalynn, were both avid readers and enrolled in a speed-reading course at the White Firm,[21] along with several staff members.

Ronald Carver, a professor of instruction inquiry and psychology, claims that the fastest college graduate readers can read only about 600 words per minute, at almost twice as fast as their slowest counterparts, and suggests that Kennedy's claimed reading speed was more than a measure out of how fast he could skim a piece of text.[22] Other critics accept suggested that speed reading is actually skimming, not reading.[23]

The Earth Championship Speed Reading Competition stresses reading comprehension equally critical. The superlative contestants typically read effectually 1,000 to ii,000 words per minute with approximately 50% comprehension or above. The 6 time world champion Anne Jones is recorded for 4200wpm with previous exposure to the material and 67% comprehension. The recorded number of words the eye can run into in single fixation is three words.[24]

"Speed Reading World Record" claims have been controversial. Howard Stephen Berg from the United States has claimed to exist the Guinness World Record holder for fast reading with a speed of 25,000 words per minute,[25] and Maria Teresa Calderon from the Philippines claims to have earned the Guinness Globe Record for World'due south Fastest Reader at eighty,000 words per minute reading speed and 100% comprehension. [26] Critics point out that it is possible to beat some speed reading world records by reading a pre-read or pre-memorized text, flipping the pages every bit fast equally possible without reading it. The Guinness Speed Reading Earth Record Standards are non known and they accept terminated[ when? ] adding speed readers to its honour listing. In 2015, Memoriad, the World Mental Sports Federation, set the rules for "Speed Reading Globe Record Standards" in order to forestall unclear claims.[27] [28]

Run across also [edit]

  • Incremental reading – reading method aimed at long-term memorization
  • Learning styles
  • Learning to read
  • Pareto principle
  • Wearisome reading − intentional reduction in the speed of reading
  • TL;DR an abbreviation for "Too Long; Didn't Read"

References [edit]

  1. ^ Dehaene, Stanislas (26 October 2010). Reading in the Brain. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 17–eighteen. ISBN978-0-14311-805-iii.
  2. ^ Frank, Stanley D. (1994). Remember Everything You Read: The Evelyn Wood Vii-Day Speed Reading and Learning Program. Cambridge University Printing. p. forty. ISBN978-one-56619-402-0.
  3. ^ "Report Skills – Effective reading strategies". Charles Darwin University . Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  4. ^ "How to read an bookish article – part seven". Len G Holmes.org.great britain . Retrieved xi August 2017.
  5. ^ "How to read an academic article – part 1". Len Grand Holmes.org.uk . Retrieved xi August 2017.
  6. ^ Keshav, S. (17 Feb 2016). "How to Read a Newspaper" (PDF). University of Waterloo . Retrieved eleven Baronial 2017.
  7. ^ "Paragraphs and Topic Sentences". Indiana University . Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  8. ^ But, Marcel Adam; Carpenter, Patricia A. (1987). Speedreading: The Psychology of Reading and Language Comprehension. Newton, MA: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN978-0-20508-760-0. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved fifteen May 2016.
  9. ^ Brown, Emily (23 June 2017). "Method to Meliorate Reading Speed". GetAcademicHelp.com.
  10. ^ "Speed Reading". The University of Chicago Student Health and Counseling Services. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 30 Dec 2017.
  11. ^ Duggan, G.B.; Payne, Southward.J. (September 2009). "Text skimming: the process and effectiveness of foraging through text under time force per unit area" (PDF). J Exp Psychol Appl. 15 (3): 228–242. doi:10.1037/a0016995. PMID 19751073.
  12. ^ Lemov, Doug; Driggs, Colleen; Woolway, Erica (2016). Reading Reconsidered: A Practical Guide to Rigorous Literacy Education. John Wiley & Sons. p. 63. ISBN978-ane-11910-424-7.
  13. ^ Vanderlinde, William (2018). "Speed Reading: Fact or Fiction?". Skeptical Inquirer. 42 (4): 47–49.
  14. ^ Carver, Ronald P. (1992). "Reading Charge per unit: Theory, Research, and Practical Implications". Periodical of Reading. 36 (two): 84–95.
  15. ^ Buzan, Tony (2006). The Speed Reading Book. Harlow: BBC Active. ISBN978-1-4066-1021-5.
  16. ^ Seidenberg, Mark (2017). Linguistic communication at the Speed of Sight: How We Read, Why Then Many Tin't, and What Can Be Done Nearly It. New York City: Basic Books. pp. 70–84. ISBN978-0-46508-065-six.
  17. ^ McNamara, Danielle Due south. (xxx September 1999). "Preliminary Assay of PhotoReading" (PDF). NASA Technical Reports Server . Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  18. ^ Rayner, Keith; Schotter, Elizabeth R.; Masson, Michael Due east. J.; Potter, Mary C.; Treiman, Rebecca (xiv January 2016). "So Much to Read, So Petty Time". Psychological Science in the Public Involvement. 17 (1): 4–34. doi:10.1177/1529100615623267. ISSN 1529-1006. PMID 26769745.
  19. ^ Schoenberg, Philip Ernest (2000). "John F. Kennedy on Leadership". The Presidential Good. Archived from the original on 24 February 2009.
  20. ^ Noah, Timothy (18 February 2000). "JFK, Speed-Reader". Slate. Archived from the original on ten February 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  21. ^ "American Experience". PBS. 2002. Archived from the original on viii September 2005.
  22. ^ Noah, Timothy (18 Feb 2000). "The 1,000-Word Dash". Slate.
  23. ^ Carroll, Robert T. (26 October 2015). "Speed-reading". The Skeptic's Lexicon.
  24. ^ Bremer, Rod (2011). The Manual: A Guide to the Ultimate Study Method (2d ed.). Fons Sapientiae Publishing. ISBN978-0-99349-640-0.
  25. ^ "Howard Berg "World's Fastest Reader" on Adept Day Tampa Bay, Fox xiii Tampa, 02-16-13". YouTube. 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 21 Dec 2021.
  26. ^ "Earth'southward fastest reader (80,000 words per infinitesimal)". YouTube. 11 September 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  27. ^ "Speed Reading World Record Standards". Memoriad.com.
  28. ^ "Speed Reading World Record Standards - Memoriad". YouTube. ix July 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.

Further reading [edit]

  • Carver, Ronald P. (1990). Reading Charge per unit: A Review of Research and Theory. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN978-0-12162-420-0.
  • Cunningham, A. East.; Stanovich, 1000. Due east.; Wilson, Thousand. R. (1990). "Cognitive Variation in Developed College Students Differing in Reading Ability". In Carr, Thomas H.; Levy, Betty Ann (eds.). Reading and its Development: Component Skills Approaches. New York City: Academic Press. pp. 129–159. ISBN978-0-12160-645-nine.
  • A Review of the Research on the Instructional Effectiveness of AceReader. Report No. 258 (PDF) (Study). Educational Research Found of America. 2006.
  • "FTC Activeness confronting Kevin Trudeau". Quackwatch.org. 23 July 2000.
  • "Announced Actions for June 19, 1998". Federal Trade Commission. 19 June 1998.
  • Harris, Albert J.; Sipay, Edward R. (1990). How to Increase Reading Ability (9th ed.). New York City: Longman. ISBN978-0-80130-246-6.
  • Homa, Donald (1983). "An assessment of two "extraordinary" speed-readers". Message of the Psychonomic Order. 21 (2): 123–126. doi:10.3758/BF03329973.
  • Simply, Marcel Adam; Carpenter, Patricia A. (1987). Speedreading: The Psychology of Reading and Language Comprehension. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN978-0-20508-760-0.
  • McBride, Vearl Yard. (1973). Damn the School Organization – Full Speed Alee!. New York Metropolis: Exposition Press. ISBN978-0-68247-695-9.
  • "Chapter 3: Fluency". Teaching Children To Read : An Evidence-Based Cess of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and its Implications for Reading Education : Reports of the Subgroups (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Reading Panel. 2000. p. 3-1.
  • Nell, Victor (1988). "The Psychology of Reading for Pleasure. Needs and Gratifications". Reading Inquiry Quarterly. 23 (1): vi–50. doi:10.2307/747903.
  • Perfetti, Charles A. (1985). Reading Ability. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19503-501-viii.
  • Roesler, Peter (2021). Principles of Speed Reading (PDF). Duesseldorf, Federal republic of germany: exclam. ISBN978-3-943736-12-0.
  • Schmitz, Wolfgang (2013). Schneller lesen – besser verstehen [Reading faster – understanding ameliorate] (in German language). Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag. ISBN978-3-49963-045-3.
  • Scheele, Paul R. (1996). The PhotoReading Whole Mind System (2nd ed.). Wayzata, Minn: Learning Strategies Corp. ISBN978-0-92548-052-1.
  • Stancliffe, George D. (2003). Speed Reading four Kids (3rd ed.). Signal Roberts, WA: The American Speed Reading Project. ISBN978-0-97141-762-five.
  • Wood, Evelyn Nielsen; Barrows, Marjorie Wescott (1958). Reading Skills. New York City: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Davis, Zach (2009). PoweReading. Informationswelle nutzen, Zeit sparen, Effektivität steigern [PoweReading. Utilize the information moving ridge, save time, increase effectiveness] (in German). Munich: Peoplebuilding Verlag. ISBN978-iii-98095-360-3.
  • "Reading: Skimming and scanning". BBC Skillswise . Retrieved 13 Baronial 2019.

External links [edit]

  • Sorry, Simply Speed Reading Won't Aid Yous Read More
  • Golovatyi, Aleksandr (five July 2019). "How To Read 3x Faster: Some Communication from Readlax". Medium.com.
  • Ferriss, Tim (13 May 2014). "How I Learned to Read 300 Percent Faster in 20 Minutes". Huffington Mail.
  • Dunning, Brian (26 October 2010). "Skeptoid #229: Speed Reading". Skeptoid.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_reading

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